CHAPTER
13 REVIEW – ANSWER KEY
The
most important concepts are in bold print.
People:
1. Noah Webster—a schoolteacher from New England who wrote the “Blue-Backed Speller” and other textbooks, as well as the first dictionary of the American language.
2. William H. McGuffey—a Presbyterian preacher, schoolteacher, and college professor from Pennsylvania who wrote a series of Eclectic Readers popularly known as McGuffey’s Readers.
3. Horace Mann—an educator from Massachusetts who promoted the idea of public education in the mid-1800s.
4. Josiah Holbrook—a teacher and itinerant lecturer from Connecticut who pioneered the lyceum movement in the United States.
5. James Fenimore Cooper—New York author of the early 19th century who wrote stories about American life; famous for his Leatherstocking Tales; considered to be the first truly American author.
6. Washington Irving—New York author of the early 19th century who wrote about life both in America and Europe. Wrote The Legend of Sleep Hollow (i.e., “Rip van Winkle”)
7. William Cullen Bryant—a key writer from New York; active in the early 19th century as both a poet and an editor; famous for his poem Thanatopsis.
8. Edgar Allan Poe—New York author of the early 19th century known as the first major American literary critic and a major American fiction author; famous for his short stories and eerie, mystical poems. (“The Raven;” The Tell-Tale Heart)
9. Nathaniel Hawthorne—New England author of the mid-l9th century; famous for The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables; considered to be one of America’s leading novelists.
10. Herman Melville—New England author of the mid-I 9th century; famous for Moby Dick and Billy Budd.
11.Ralph Waldo Emerson—famous essayist and poet from New England; began the Transcendental movement in the mid-I9th century.
12. Henry David Thoreau—prominent Transcendentalist author of the mid-l9th century; famous for Walden.
13. Walt Whitman—famous Transcendentalist author of the mid-l9th century; known for Leaves of Grass.
14. George Bancroft—best-known American historian; published a multivolume History of the United States; first American historian to emphasize careful scholarship in his writing.
15. Francis Parkman—another important American historian whose works about the French in the New World and about the American Indians are still considered valuable sources of history; famous for The California and Oregon Trail.
16. James Gordon Bennett and Horace Greeley—newspaper publishers of the mid-l9th century.
17. Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Latrobe— famous American architects; Jefferson designed the capitol of Richmond, and Latrobe helped design the Capitol at Washington.
18. Gilbert Stuart—American painter best remembered for his portrait studies of George Washington.
19. Charles Willson Peale—American painter who retired from active painting to devote full attention to establishing a natural history museum in Philadelphia; also helped found the Academy of Fine Arts and taught many of his 17 children to paint.
20. Edward Hicks—an itinerant Quaker preacher who painted a number of works depicting Isaiah’s prophecies of the Millennium, which Hicks called “Peaceable Kingdom.”
21. Samuel F. B. Morse—American painter who invented the telegraph.
22. Stephen Foster—America’s most beloved composer of popular songs.
23. Lowell Mason—carried on the tradition of the singing schools instituted earlier by William Billings.
24. Louis Agassiz and Benjamin Silliman— American scientists who contributed to the field of geology; Agassiz became one of the most distinguished geologists in the world.
25. Asa Gray—America’s leading botanist.
26. John James Audubon—observed, classified, and painted America’s birds.
27. John Deere—patented his famous steel plow in the 1830s.
28. Cyrus McCormick—invented the reaper.
29. Eli Whitney—New England schoolteacher who revolutionized American cotton production with his invention of the cotton gin.
30. Samuel Slater—skilled English machinist who helped establish the first American textile factory in Rhode Island in 1790; remembered as the “Father of the American Factory System.”
31. Francis Cabot Lowell—invented a power loom in 1812.
32. Elias Howe—invented a much-improved sewing machine in 1846.
33. Isaac Merrit Singer—improved the sewing machine; credited with making it a common household appliance.
34. James Watt—Scotsman credited with inventing the first practical steam engine.
35. Oliver Evans—first to develop a high-pressure steam engine in the late 1700s.
36. John Loudon McAdam—British engineer who designed the construction of many roads in the mid-l9th century.
37. Robert Fulton—credited with building the first practical steamboat, the Clermont.
38. DeWitt Clinton—governor of New York who promoted the construction of the Erie Canal.
39. Matthew Maury—American naval officer and oceanographer who helped plot the route for a transatlantic telegraph cable from Newfoundland to Ireland.
40. Cyrus Field—laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable in 1857.
Terms:
1. “Blue-Backed Speller”—nickname of Noah Webster’s popular American Spelling Book.
2. Eclectic Readers—series of readers written by William McGuffey; taught Christian morals, geography, science, common sense, patriotism, and introduced students to great literature.
3. normal school—a school for the professional training of teachers.
4. University of North Carolina—the first state university to begin operating in 1795.
5. Oberlin College—(Ohio) became the first coeducational college in 1833.
6. Wesleyan College—the first college for women only; founded in Georgia in 1836.
7. lyceums—organizations that conducted discussions and established libraries and public schools.
8. Negro spiritual—America’s most distinct contribution to the field of music
9. Smithsonian Institution—established in Washington, D.C., in 1846 with funds granted by an Englishman, James Smithson, “for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.”
10. applied science—the practical use of scientific knowledge.
11. reaper—made it easier to cut grain.
12. thresher—allows farmers to separate grain from chaff more efficiently.
13. cotton gin—made it easier to separate the seeds from cotton fibers.
14. domestic system—manufacturing at home.
15. factory system—manufacturing in a factory.
16. “corduroy road”—roads made of logs laid side by side; kept wheels from sinking but caused horses to stumble and wagons to jar the riders.
17. Lancaster Turnpike—one of the earliest roads; connected Lancaster, Pennsylvania, with Philadelphia.
18. Cumberland Road—called the National Road; connected Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Virginia, and eventually ran all the way to Vandalia, Illinois.
19. macadam roads—roads raised above their surrounding terrain to aid drainage; constructed of tightly packed layers of crushed rock bound together by fine gravel.
20. Clermont—first practical steamboat; built by Robert Fulton in 1807.
21. Erie Canal—connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, spanning New York state; completed in 1825.
22. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad-one of America’s earliest railroads (1830); Peter Cooper’s engine, the Tom Thumb, made its trial run on this 13-mile stretch of track.
23. Mohawk and Hudson Railroad—another of America’s early railroads (1831); stretched 17 miles between Albany and Schenectady.
24. packet ships—large, sturdy sailing vessels that carried passengers and freight across the Atlantic in 18 to 21 days by the 1820s.
25. Pony Express—a private company started in April of 1860 to carry the U.S. mail between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California.
26. capital—money or profit.
27. corporations—businesses owned mutually by a number of investors who buy stock in them.
28. dividends—profits from stock; divided among the investors in proportion to the number of shares each investor owns.
Identify:
1. who wrote the first dictionary of the American language—Noah Webster
2. three factors that contributed to the development of a uniquely “American” culture—America’s formal break with Europe; the American emphasis on individual dignity; and the growth of industrial cities
3. four famous writers from New York in the early 19th century—James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, William Cullen Bryant, Edgar Allan Poe
4. four contributions made to American literature by Edgar Allan Poe—(1) He developed standards for judging literature; (2) he popularized the short story; (3) he developed the mystery or detective story; and (4) he composed eerie, mystical poetry noted for its style and rhythm.
5. the Fireside Poets—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, Oliver Wendell Holmes, James Russell Lowell
6. three folk songs composed by Stephen Foster—”Oh! Susanna,” “My Old Kentucky Home,” “Old Folks at Home” (“Swanee River”), “Camptown Races”
7. the Southern crop called “king”—cotton
8. the fastest sailing vessel built in America— clipper ships
9. two classes that developed as industrialization increased—investors and laborers
10. the nationality of most immigrants between 1820 and 1850—Irish
Map Skills:
1. List the cities connected by the National Road. Baltimore, MD; Cumberland, VA, Wheeling, PA; Columbus, OH; Indianapolis, IN; Terre Haute, IN.
2. Where were the majority of canals located—in the North or the South? North
3. What canal connected Albany with Buffalo in New York? Erie Canal
Ideas:
1. Why did most Americans place such a high emphasis on education? The atmosphere of liberty and the influence of Christianity in America gave the people a keen thirst for knowledge. From the beginning, Americans realized the importance of a sound education, both for themselves and their posterity. Convinced that a free people must be an educated people, they determined to prepare their children to maintain the freedoms that had been bestowed upon the United States of America.
2. What did children learn through early American textbooks such as the “Blue-Backed Speller” and “McGuffey’s Readers?” What does this reflect about American morality of the day? Students were taught basic subject matter such as history, geography, science, grammar, and literature through Scripture passages, character-building stories, and lessons in morality and patriotism. These textbooks had a tremendous impact on American history. The books also instilled strong character, good citizenship, love of country, fear of God, and respect for His Word in generations of American schoolchildren. Early American textbooks reflected the high standards of morality among the American people.
3. How did the invention of the cotton gin revolutionize agriculture in the South? How did its widespread use reestablish slavery in the South? Working by hand, one slave could clean only about one pound of cotton a day. With the cotton gin, a slave could clean up to 50 pounds per day; power-driven cotton gins allowed one slave to clean over 1000 pounds of cotton a day. Because of the cotton gin, cotton production became a profitable enterprise in the South. However, an abundance of cheap labor was necessary for harvesting large cotton crops, and that labor force was found in slavery, which, until the expansion of cotton, had been dying out as an institution.
4. How do agricultural advancement and industrial expansion go hand in hand? Why is one impossible without the other? Advancements in technology and manufacturing cannot take place in a country that does not make improvements in agriculture. If a nation is to devote a large labor force to industrialization, its farmers must produce enough to feed themselves plus the industrial workers. To be more efficient and productive, though, farmers need the advancements in agricultural equipment that only technology and manufacturing can make available.
5. Describe the two classes of people who emerged in the American industrial revolution. Why are both necessary for industrial growth and prosperity? How does industrialization benefit society as a whole? Investors and laborers emerged from the American industrial revolution. Investors bought stock in a business, allowing the businessmen to accumulate capital to further their ventures, while the investors received a share of the profits. Manufacturing, though, required large numbers of laborers to do the work. All Americans benefited from the birth of the factory system and industrialization. New machines, new ways of making a living, and new opportunities foretold the coming of modern America.
6. Why did many Irish and Germans immigrate to the United States? Why do you think immigration to the United States was far greater than immigration to other countries? Both the Irish and the Germans left behind governments that hampered their political freedoms; they also faced tremendous economic hardships. Immigrants came to America because she offered them an opportunity for personal freedom that they would not get anywhere else in the world.